The Commercial Drivers License

EMERGENCIES

Traffic emergencies occur when two vehicles are about to collide.

Vehicle emergencies occur when tires, brakes or other critical parts fail.

Following the safety practices in this manual can help prevent emergencies. But if an emergency does happen, your chances of avoiding an accident depend upon how well you take action. Actions you can take are discussed below.

Steering to Avoid a Crash Stopping is not always the safest thing to do in an emergency. When you don’t have enough room to stop, you may have to steer away from what’s ahead. Remember, you can almost always turn to miss an obstacle more quickly than you can stop. (However, top-heavy vehicles and tractors with multiple trailers may flip over.)

Keep Both Hands on the Steering Wheel.

In order to turn quickly, you must have a firm grip on the steering wheel with both hands. The best way to have both hands on the wheel if there is an emergency is to keep them there all the time.

How to Turn Quickly and Safely.

A quick turn can be made safely, if it’s done the right way. Here are some points that safe drivers use:

• Do not apply the brake while you are turning. It’s very easy to lock your wheels while turning. If that happens, you may skid out of control.

• Do not turn any more than needed to clear whatever is in your way. The more sharply you turn, the greater the chances of a skid or rollover.

• Be prepared to “countersteer,” that is, to turn the wheel back in the other direction, once you’ve passed whatever was in your path. Unless you are prepared to countersteer, you won’t be able to do it quickly enough.

You should think of emergency steering and countersteering as two parts of one driving action. Where to Steer. If an oncoming driver has drifted into your lane, a move to your right is best. If that driver realizes what has happened, the natural response will be to return to his or her own lane. If something is blocking your path, the best direction to steer will depend on the situation.

• If you have been using your mirrors, you’ll know which lane is empty and can be safely used.

• If the shoulder is clear, going right may be best. No one is likely to be driving on the shoulder but someone may be passing you on the left. You will know if you have been using your mirrors. Shoulder driving is not legal unless posted to do so. This evasive action should be used in emergency situations only.

• If you are blocked on both sides, a move to the right may be best. At least you won’t force anyone into an opposing traffic lane and a possible head-on collision. Leaving the Road. In some emergencies, you may have to drive off the road. It may be less risky than facing a collision with another vehicle. Most shoulders are strong enough to support the weight of a large vehicle and, therefore, offer an available escape route. Here are some guidelines, if you do leave the road.

Avoid Braking.

If possible, avoid using the brakes until your speed has dropped to about 20 mph. Then brake very gently to avoid skidding on a loose surface. Keep one set of wheels on pavement if possible. This helps to maintain control.

Stay on the Shoulder.

If the shoulder is clear, stay on it until your vehicle has come to a stop. Signal and check your mirrors before pulling back onto the road. Returning to the Road. If you are forced to return to the road before you can stop, use the following procedure:

• Hold the wheel tightly and turn sharply enough to get right back on the road safely. Don’t try to edge gradually back on the road. If you do, your tires might grab unexpectedly and you could lose control.

• When both front tires are on the paved surface, countersteer immediately. The two turns should be made as a single “steer-countersteer” move.

How to Stop Quickly and Safely

If somebody suddenly pulls out in front of you, your natural response is to hit the brakes. This is a good response if there’s enough distance to stop and you use the brakes correctly. You should brake in a way that will keep your vehicle in a straight line and allow you to turn if it becomes necessary. You can use the “controlled braking” method or the “stab braking” method.

Controlled braking. With this method, you apply the brakes as hard as you can without locking the wheels. Keep steering wheel movements very small while doing this. If you need to make a larger steering adjustment or if the wheels lock, release the brakes. Reapply the brakes as soon as you can.

Stab braking:

• Apply your brakes all the way.

• Release brakes when wheels lock up.

• As soon as the wheels start rolling, apply the brakes fully again. (It can take up to one second for the wheels to start rolling after you release the brakes. If you reapply the brakes before the wheels start rolling, the vehicle won’t straighten out.) Don’t Jam on the Brakes. Emergency braking does not mean pushing down on the brake pedal as hard as you can. That will only keep the wheels locked up and cause a skid. If the wheels are skidding, you cannot control the vehicle.

Brake Failure

Brakes kept in good condition rarely fail. Most hydraulic brake failures occur for one of two reasons: (Air brakes are discussed in Section 5.)

• Loss of hydraulic pressure

• Brake fade on long hills. Loss of Hydraulic Pressure. When the system won’t build up pressure, the brake pedal will feel spongy or go to the floor. Here are some things you can do:

• Downshift. Putting the vehicle into a lower gear will help to slow the vehicle.

• Pump the brakes. Sometimes pumping the brake pedal will generate enough hydraulic pressure to stop the vehicle.

• Use the parking brake. The parking or emergency brake is separate from the hydraulic brake system. Therefore, it can be used to slow the vehicle. However, be sure to press the release button or pull the release lever at the same time you use the emergency brake so you can adjust the brake pressure and keep the wheels from locking up.

• Find an escape route.

While slowing the vehicle, look for an escape route—an open field, side street or escape ramp. Turning uphill is a good way to slow and stop the vehicle. Make sure the vehicle does not start rolling backward after you stop. Put it in low gear, apply the parking brake and if necessary roll back into some obstacle that will stop the vehicle.

Brake Failure on Downgrades.

Going slow enough and braking properly will almost always prevent brake failure on long downgrades. Once the brakes have failed, however, you are going to have to look outside your vehicle for something to stop it. Your best hope is an escape ramp. If there is one, there’ll be signs telling you about it. Use it. Ramps are usually located a few miles from the top of the downgrade. Every year, hundreds of drivers avoid injury to themselves or damage to their vehicles by using escape ramps. Some escape ramps use soft gravel that resists the motion of the vehicle and brings it to a stop. Others turn uphill, using the hill to stop the vehicle and soft gravel to hold it in place. Any driver who loses brakes going downhill should use an escape ramp if it’s available. If you don’t use it, your chances of having a serious accident may be much worse.

If no escape ramp is available, take the least hazardous escape route you can — such as an open field, or a side road that flattens outor turns uphill. Make the move as soon as you know your brakes don’t work. The longer you wait, the faster the vehicle will go and the harder it will be to stop.

Tire Failure

There are four important things that safe drivers do to handle a tire failure safely

• Be aware that a tire has failed.

• Hold the steering wheel firmly.

• Stay off the brake.

• After stopping, check all the tires.

Recognize Tire Failure. Quickly knowing you have a tire failure will let you have more time to react. Having just a few seconds to remember what it is you’re supposed to do can help you. The major signs of tire failure are:

• Sound. The loud “bang” of a blowout is an easily recognized sign. Because it can take a few seconds for your vehicle to react, you might think it was some other vehicle. But any time you hear a tire blow, you’d be safest to assume it was yours.

• Vibration. If the vehicle thumps or vibrates heavily, it may be a sign that one of the tires has gone flat. With a rear tire, that may be the only sign you get.

• Feel. If the steering feels “heavy,” it is probably a sign that one of the front tires has failed. Sometimes, failure of a rear tire will cause the vehicle to slide back and forth or “fishtail.” However, dual rear tires usually prevent this. Any of these signs is a warning of possible tire failure. You should do the following things.

• Hold the Steering Wheel Firmly. If a front tire fails, it can twist the steering wheel out of your hand. The only way to prevent this is to keep a firm grip on the steering wheel with both hands at all times.

• Stay Off the Brake. It’s natural to want to brake in an emergency. However, braking when a tire has failed could cause loss of control. Unless you’re about to run into something, stay off the brake until the vehicle has slowed down. Then brake very gently, pull off the road, and stop.

• Check the Tires. After you’ve come to a stop, get out and check all the tires. Do this even if the vehicle seems to be handling all right. If one of your dual tires goes, the only way you may know it is by getting out and looking at it.